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Therebs always reasons for software to have faults. An early example from the late b60bs is something I did. Herebs the story. I was taking a course on machine architecture and programming, and we had an exercise writing an IBM 360 assembler program. I forget what the program was supposed to do, but I wrote it and submitted it for running overnight as was the case in those days. Next morning I was called into the Computer Centerbs office and got a serious tongue lashing for having destroyed all the output produced by all the programs run on the Universitybs computers the previous day. It turns out that what happened was the following: 1. I had mistyped b4b instead of b3b (or maybe the other way around) in one column of one of my punch cards. 2. My program crashed and the computer proceeded to do a program dump. 3. The usual very small print line limit for student programs was ignored for program dumps, on the theory that you really want to know what went wrong. 4. The effect of my mistyping was that a method/function stack frame was linked to itself as its own bparentb. So there was an infinite length print out. 5. The disk software assumed that the original small limit on how much output a program produced was still in effect, and had no check on exceeding the capacity of the disk drive. 6. The disk filled up and the system kept trying to write. The system crashed. 7. The computer staff (itbs now about 2am in the morning) rebooted the system and it crashed again: the disk drive software was corrupted at this point. 8. After a few attempts at that, they finally reformatted the disk, and rebooted the machine. And all the output on that disk was lost. The thing is, that there were two conflicting assumptions made in the design of two separate pieces of system software. And otherwise smart people hadnbt thought about such a conflict. The further assumption that an undergraduate should never make a typo compounded the problem. I forget what they eventually did: I think checks were added. Their first idea for a solution was to not let me run any more programs on the computer, but they fortunately rethought that one. At the time I didnbt think that I was the culprit. The point is that large systems are always made up of multiple components, made by multiple people, with multiple assumptions. And therebs always room for error. That said, a lot can be done about that, and errors minimized. But they are intrinsic to how things work. Sam. ------------ Sam Wilmott sam@xxxxxxxxxx www.wilmott.ca bWe have met the enemy and he is us.b b Walt Kelly
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