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Once upon a time, the element did but with a #FIXED value. Since that was declared in the DTD, one could assume the element didn't have to declare it, but that was before well-formed only instances. What is interesting to me is that there seems to be a consensus emerging that AFs are useful and that some progress can be made starting from that technology toward associating semantics with XML instances. It may be a modified design before all is said and done, but studying AFs has value toward solving the problem. len From: Gavin Thomas Nicol [mailto:gtn@r...] I understand how it happens of course... my point was that this assumes some form of processor validating the instance, so in fact, the *element* doesn't assert which parents are valid, so much as the {element, parser, DTD(s), and AF processor}. This is what I was reacting to. I like AF's (I much prefer them to namespaces!!!) in general, and almost always include a "role" attribute for tying such functionality into the application. That said, given the necessary components for validating that an instance conforms to an architecture, it's usually not *necessary* for the element to declare it's architecture... some other form of annotation can suffice... and I imagine that schematron, or RNG would probably suffice for validation.
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