ldquo, rdquo to &#8220, &#8221, etc

Hi,

I'm trying to convert my documents that use character entities, such
as “ and ”, to a format XML Schema can validate. I did
manage to convert the entities to their numerical "entity", but now
java is not able to work with it:

"invalid byte 1 of 1-byte UTF-8 sequence"

I have determined the solution envolves the encoding="XXX" in the
prolog but so far I have not been able to correct it. Using
encoding="UTF-16", I receive:

"Missing byte-order mark"

Does anyone know how I should deal with this?

Thank you,
Elizabeth

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