Swedish Norms for the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A<textref rid="ack01">1</textref>

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10.1080/00000000000 2005 348 356

Monica Bergman et al Swedish Norms for HGSHS:A Swedish Norms for the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A<textref rid="ack01">1</textref> Monica.K.Bergman² ElisabethTrenter SakariKallio University of Skövde,

Sweden

University of Skövde,

Sweden

, and University of Turku,

Finland

We thank Thomas O’Malley and Michael Hoffman for help with the care and collection of tissues of the ducklings. Frostburg State University, Department of Biology, provided assistantship support to E. Douglas-Stroebel during this study. We thank G. H. Heinz and W. N. Beyer for reviewing this article. 2002oct03 2002dec15 ²Address correspondence to Monica.LJFLSJLFJLSJFBergman, Department of Humanities, University of Skövde,

sfjlBox 408, 541 28 Skövde, india3434. E-mail: monica@ihu.his.se

Abstract:

This article examines the norms for $micro;a Swedish adaptation of the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (HGSHS:A) (Shor & Orne, 1962). In total, 291 subjects (199 females and 92 males) participated in the study. Comparisons are made between the Swedish sample and reference samples, which include English versions of the HGSHS:A from the United ^States and Australia, as well as 5 translated versions from Italy, Finland, Denmark, Spain, and Germany. In the Swedish sample, females scored significantly higher than males. Generally, however, the normative data from the Swedish sample are congruent with the reference samples and therefore can be used as a tool for initial screening of hypnotic susceptibility in Sweden.

KEYWORDSDietary intake assessmentdietary recordfood frequency questionnaireSpain

The Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (HGSHS:A; Shor & Orne, 1962) is a widely used method for initial screening of hypnotic susceptibility (e.g., Benham, Smith, & Nash, 2002; DuHamel, Difede, Foley, & Greenleaf, 2002; Nordenstrom, Council, & Meier, 2002). It is a behavioral method in which the subjects, after receiving a hypnotic induction, evaluate their overt responses with a self-rate scale. This article presents the normative data on a Swedish translation of the HGSHS:A as administered to a sample of Swedish subjects. The results are compared with normative data from countries where the original English version was used (the United States and Australia) as well as with other translated versions from Italy, Finland, Denmark, Spain, and Germany. The normative data from the reference samples indicate there is only a slight difference in the studies due to cultural and/or linguistic factors.

Woman can no longer remain in her domestic sphere, for her home has been made cheerless, her hearth comfortless, and her position degrading [. . .] Woman’s circle has been invaded by hired bands of police ruffians—her husband dragged from her side to the gloom of a dungeon—and her children trampled under foot—and this, for no other crime than that Labour cried for its rights, and Justice for its due [. . .] now, when she beholds nothing but despair on the one hand and cold-blooded cruelty on the other, she feels it to be her duty to step into the arena of political strife, and agitate for the claims of liberty and humanity.

(Northern Star, July 8, 1848; cited in Schwarzkopf 98)

Method Subjects

The Swedish translation of the HGSHS:A was administered to 291 unpaid volunteers (199 females, 68.4%, and 92 males, 31.6%) with an age range of 15 to 85 and a mean age of 35.4 (SD = 13.6). The subjects were recruited through public bulletin boards, e-mail announcements, and personal contacts. They were invited to participate in a group hypnosis session and told the study was being conducted to collect data on the Swedish norms for hypnotic susceptibility. The subjects were divided into the following three groups: Group 1 (n = 92, 54 females, 38 males) included students at the University of Skövde; Group 2 (n = 49, 41 females, 8 males) was made up of students studying art; and Group 3 (n = 150, 104 females, 46 males) comprised employed professionals.

A mentor is a friend to the protégé when emotional support is needed, a coach when individual assistance is needed, and a teacher when the protégé lacks information or skills. . . . They are assistants in helping their protégés become more proficient through modeling, planned and structured experiences, and thoughtful informal conversations and reflections. (Alabama Department of Education, 2003)

The data was collected over a 4-month period and consisted of 17 sessions. Group size varied from 7 to 26 people. Fourteen of the sessions (in which 229 subjects took part) were held in a lecture hall at the University of Skövde. Three sessions (in which 62 subjects took part) were held in lecture halls at other schools. Only 2.1% of the subjects reported previous experience of hypnosis.

Procedure

Figure 1 The preliminary information, response booklet, induction, and suggestions included in the HGSHS:A were translated into Swedish closely following the original version by Shor and Orne (1962). To double check the quality of the translation, the Swedish version was translated back into English and the new English translation was consistent with the original English protocol. Each session began with the presentation of preliminary information (described in Shor & Orne, 1962), after which the subjects were asked to fill in the first page of the response booklet. The induction procedure and suggestions were then read aloud by an actor (at 11 sessions with 191 subjects) or played out loud on a stereo system (at 6 sessions, with 100 subjects). The same actor who was present in the live sessions was used on the recorded version. After the entire procedure was complete, the subjects had the opportunity to discuss their experiences with the researchers. FIGURE 1

Box-and-whisker plot of turbidity and particle robustness indices comparing the different types of experiments at MWDSC pilot plant. Plot indicates minimum, 25th percentile, median, 75th percentile, and maximum values (Huck et al., 2001b; Huck et al., 2002).

Scoring

The scoring of the responses followed the procedure described by Shor and Orne (1962). The subjects received a score of 1 if they marked Item A (indicating an observable response to a given suggestion) and a score of 0 if they marked Item B (indicating little or no behavioural response). Amnesia was scored in two different ways:

In accordance with the original HGSHS:A, which was scored as 1 if the subject recalled 3 or less out of 12 items before the amnesia lifted;

In accordance with a procedure described by Kihlstrom and Register (1984) that was scored as 1 if the subject recalled 3 or less items before the amnesia lifted and, in addition, recalled 2 or more items after being asked to recall everything.

Results Mean Total Scores

The mean scores of the Swedish sample were clearly within the range of the Italian (De Pascalis, Russo, & Marucci, 2000), Finnish (Kallio & Ihamuotila, 1999), Spanish (Lamas, del Valle-Inclan, Blanco, & Diaz, 1989), German (Bongartz, 1985), Australian (Sheehan & McConkey, 1979), and American (Shor & Orne, 1963) reference samples (Table 1). Zachariae, Sommerlund, and Molay (1996) did not report the aggregate data for the Danish sample. Indeed, the mean scores of the Swedish sample represented a median when compared with the mean scores of the reference samples.

After further analyzing the Swedish data, a significant difference was observed between females and males (females, M = 7.17, SD = 2.32; males, M = 5.91, SD = 2.69; t(289) = 4.072, p < .001). But no significant differences were observed when comparisons were carried out between Groups 1, 2, and 3; between sessions held at the main lecture hall and those held at other locations; or between live and tape-recorded presentations. Means, Standard Deviations and Item Pass Rates (in percent) for Swedish and Reference Samples
HGSHS: A Item
SWE N = 291
ITA N = 376
FIN N = 285
DAN^a N = 376
SPA N = 220
GER N = 374
AUS N = 1944
USA^b N = 132
Note. SWE = Swedish; ITA = Italian; FIN = Finnish; DAN = Danish; GER = German; SPA = Spanish; AUS = Australian.
^aMeans and standard deviation of the Danish aggregate sample are derived from the Zachariae et al. (1996) study, assuming that the variance of the means for men and women are the same within the limits of random sampling.
^bShor and Orne (1963) do not report the standard deviation of their sample. The value listed here is taken from Hilgard (1965) and refers to Shor and Orne’s sample with the addition of 20 subjects.
1. Head falling
70
70
84
86
73
73
61
86
2. Eye closure
76
62
86
48
64
73
57
74
3. Hand lowering
66
56
89
75
60
83
71
89
4. Arm immobilization
61
55
43
72
58
52
36
48
5. Finger lock
74
60
66
76
67
57
53
67
6. Arm rigidity
65
63
53
75
69
52
41
57
7. Hands moving
64
64
78
78
79
74
71
86
8. Inhibition
56
48
56
73
74
49
42
50
9. Hallucination
14
28
28
38
29
47
25
56
10. Eye catalepsy
51
40
52
61
59
47
38
56
11. Posthypnotic sugg.
15
35
37
11
29
31
17
36
12. Amnesia
65
56
53
71
52
36
33
48
Mean percentage per item
56.4
53.1
60.4
63.6
59.4
56.2
45.0
61.3
Sample mean
6.77
6.41
7.26
7.64
7.13
6.50
5.45
7.39
Sample SD
2.50
2.80
2.61
2.50
2.61
2.43
2.95
3.04

Item Difficulty

The item pass rates for the Swedish and reference samples are displayed in Table 1. The Swedish mean score was similar to the reference samples, possessing high pass rates in Item 2 (eye closure), Item 5 (finger lock), and Item 12 (amnesia). On the other hand, with Item 9 (hallucination) and Item 11 (posthypnotic suggestion), the Swedish sample had low pass rates compared to the other samples.

An alternative way of scoring amnesia was also conducted, as suggested by Kihlstrom and Register (1984). When amnesia was scored according to the original method (Shor & Orne, 1963), the pass percentage was 65, whereas the alternative method resulted in a pass percentage of 24. Subjects who passed the original amnesia scoring method but not the alternative method (n = 120) had a mean total score of 6.94; subjects who passed the alternative method of scoring amnesia (n = 70) had a mean total score of 7.69.

Reliability

The point-biserial correlations between each of the 12 items, and the total score omitting that item (item reliability), are presented in Table 2 together with the reference samples. The total scale reliability in the Swedish sample is generally comparable to the reference samples, with the exception of Item 9 (hallucination), Item 11 (posthypnotic suggestion), and Item 12 (amnesia), all of which were rather low compared to other samples.

The Swedish data seem, however, generally comparable to the pattern of findings in the reference samples, as indicated by the rank-order correlation coefficients of the item-scale reliabilities ranging from r = .48 (Finnish) to r = .90 (Australia) (Table 3). The low correlation coefficient in the Finnish sample appears to be an exception. Item-Scale Correlations and Total Scale Reliability for Swedish and Reference Samples
Reference Samples
SWE N = 291
ITA N = 376
FIN N = 285
DAN N = 376
SPA N = 220
GER N = 374
AUS N = 1944
USA N = 132
1. Head falling
.36
.29
.20
.17
.30
.21
.39
.34
2. Eye closure
.30
.24
.19
.16
.27
.06
.39
.30
3. Hand lowering
.20
.19
.08
.24
.09
.25
.25
.48
4. Arm immobilization
.34
.29
.48
.45
.38
.33
.36
.66
5. Finger lock
.43
.43
.54
.55
.52
.42
.59
.86
6. Arm rigidity
.42
.35
.41
.44
.51
.42
.55
.89
7. Hands moving
.34
.34
.25
.29
.22
.18
.42
.44
8. Inhibition
.45
.38
.40
.44
.40
.38
.51
.78
9. Hallucination
.14
.19
.33
.35
.31
.23
.34
.48
10. Eye catalepsy
.45
.50
.46
.50
.46
.47
.53
.74
11. Posthypnotic sugg.
.07
.30
.27
.19
.11
.14
.18
.46
12. Amnesia
.06
.23
.28
.18
.18
.09
.18
.39
Total Scale (Kuder-Richardson)
.66
.70
.71
.70
.68
.62
.76
.80

Rank Order of the Point-Biserial Correlation Coefficients for the Swedish Aggregate Sample and the Reference Samples
N
ITA
FIN
DAN
SPA
GER
AUS
USA
Swe
291
.82
.48
.61
.78
.75
.91
.60
Ita
376
.62
.64
.69
.64
.79
.59
Fin
285
.88
.83
.72
.53
.77
Dan
376
.76
.89
.62
.89
Spa
374
.78
.85
.74
Ger
230
.70
.91
Aus
1,994
.60
USA
132

Discussion

In general, the results obtained from the Swedish translation of the HGSHS:A are congruent with the other studies. The mean and variance of the total sample lies within the range of the mean and variance scores reported by the reference samples. It may be significant that all the countries have a similar Western cultural context.

In the Swedish sample, females scored significantly higher than males. A similar difference was observed only in the Italian (De Pascalis et al., 2000) and Danish (Zachariae et al., 1996) reference samples. Though similar trends have occasionally been noted, males and females are generally regarded to be equally susceptible to hypnosis (e.g., see Hilgard, 1965). In line with previous studies (e.g., Bongartz, 1985), the Swedish study found there was no difference between live and tape-recorded presentations of the HGSHS:A.

The high pass rate on Item 12 (amnesia) in the Swedish study has also been noted in other studies where a translated version of HGSHS:A was used (Kallio & Ihamuotila, 1999; Lamas et al., 1989; Zachariae et al., 1996). The subjects seem to have interpreted the question in the response booklet as referring to changes in the content of consciousness as a result of suggestions delivered during the induction procedure. In the English original, the verb “happen” is used in the response booklet (“. . . please write down now briefly in your own words a list of the things that happened since you began looking at the target”). However, during the oral instruction (according to Shor & Orne, 1962), one should use the verb “do” (“please try to mention all of the different things that you were asked to do”). It might be better to consistently use the verb “do” in the translated versions, as suggested by Lamas et al. (1989).

Because the pass rate for Item 12 (amnesia) was so high in the Swedish sample, possibly due to the translation misunderstanding, an alternative method to score amnesia was also used (Kihlstrom & Register, 1984), which resulted in a decrease in the pass rate. The subjects who passed the alternative scoring method had a higher mean score, and there were fewer than those who passed the original way of scoring. Therefore, this alternative scoring method might show a more realistic view of the occurrence of amnesia.

The low pass percentage found in Item 11 (posthypnotic suggestion) of the Swedish study was noted also in the Danish sample (Zachariae et al., 1996). Based on the idea that the Danish people are generally considered to be antiauthoritarian, this led researchers to believe that the students in the Danish study, following cultural norms, responded to the questions in a reflective and autonomous way. In other words, they responded behaviorally according to their conscious experience and not according to demand characteristics. If this were a plausible explanation for the low pass percentages on Item 11 (the subjects did not perform the behavioral response if they remembered the suggestion), this may explain the low passing rate in the Swedish sample, since the Swedish and the Danish cultures are rather similar.

Despite the differences mentioned above, the normative data from the Swedish sample are, for the most part, congruent with the data from the^* reference samples and thus can be used as a tool for initial screening of hypnotic susceptibility in Sweden.*

In the Balangero mine, as well as in the whole Lanzo Massif, two different generations of chrysotile veins can be distinguished¹. The first vein generation is deformed and consists of long-fiber chrysotile (up to several centimeters in length). They probably formed during an early stage² of the metamorphic evolution, prior to the high-pressure early Alpine metamorhic event. The second vein generation consists of short-fiber chrysotile (a few millimeter in length), formed during a late Alpine metamorphic event (Compagnoni et al., 1980).

¹We would like to thank Sven-Åke Lindengren for reading and recording the hypnotic induction and suggestions during the study.

Notes 1

Europa concreet 2000. Flyer Stichting Euregio Maas-Rijn. Maastricht (www.euregio-mr.org).

G. Kockelkorn, ‘ALMA – een grensoverschrijdend universitair netwerk in de (EU)regio van Karel de Grote’, in H.C.G. Spoormans, E.A. Reichenbach and A.F.A. Korsten (eds), Grenzen over. Aspecten van grensoverschrijdende samenwerking (Bussum: Coutinho 1999) p.231; R.W.J.M. Uijen, ‘Euregio’s – van idealistische organisaties tot spelers op de bestuurlijke kaart van Europa’, in Spoormans, Reichenbach and Korsten, p.86.

References 14LedakowiczS.J.sivaPerkowskiKinetics of Ozonation of Non-ionic Detergent in Aqueous SolutionsProc. 13th Ozone World Congress Vol. 1343–348

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Government Printers. Schwedische Normen für die Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A Monica Bergman, Elisabeth Trenter, und Sakari Kallio

Zusammenfassung: Dieser Artikel untersucht die Normen einer schwedischen Version der Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (HGSHS:A) (Shor & Orne, 1962). Insgesamt nahmen 291 Versuchspersonen (199 Frauen und 92 Männer) an der Studie teil. Es wurden Vergleiche zwischen einer schwedischen und anderen Stichproben gebildet, welche die englischen Versionen der HGSHS:A aus den Vereinigten Staaten und Australien sowie 5 übersetzte Versionen aus Italien, Finnland, Dänemark, Spanien und Deutschland beinhalten. In der schwedischen Stichprobe erzielten die Frauen signifikant höhere Punktwerte als die Männer. Insgesamt stimmen die Daten der schwedischen Stichprobe allerdings mit den Vergleichsstichproben überein und können folglich als Methode zur anfänglichen Bestimmung der hypnotischen Susceptibilität in Schweden benutzt werden.

Ralf Schmaelzle University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany Les normes suédoises l’échelle de susceptibilité hypnotique du groupe de Harvard, modèle A Monica Bergman, Elisabeth Trenter, et Sakari Kallio

Résumé: Cet article examine les normas d’ une adaptation suédoise de l’échelle de susceptibilité hypnotique du groupe de Harvard, modèle A (HGSHS:a) (Shor et Orne, 1962). Au total, 291 sujets (199 femmes et 92 hommes) ont participé à l’étude. Des comparaisons sont faites entre l’échantillon suédois et les échantillons de référence, qui incluent des versions anglaises du HGSHS:a des Etats-Unis et l’Australie, comme 5 versions traduites d’Italie, la Finlande, le Danemark, l’Espagne, et l’Allemagne. Dans l’échantillon suédois, les femmes ont obtenu sensiblement un plus haut score que les hommes. D’une façon générale, cependant, les données normatives de l’échantillon suédois sont conformes aux échantillons de référence et peuvent donc être employées comme outil pour le criblage initial de la susceptibilité hypnotique en Suède.

Victor Simon Psychosomatic Medicine & Clinical Hypnosis Institute, Lille, France Normas suecas para la Escala Grupal de Susceptibilidad Hipnótica de Harvard: Forma A Monica Bergman, Elisabeth Trenter, y Sakari Kallio

Resumen: Este artículo examina las normas de una adaptación sueca de la Escala Grupal de Susceptibilidad Hipnótica de Harvard: Forma A (HGSHS:A) (Shor & Orne, 1962). Un total de 291 participantes (199 hembras y 92 varones) participaron en el estudio. Realizamos comparaciones entre la muestra sueca, muestras de la versión inglesa del HGSHS:A de los Estados Unidos yAustralia, así como también de cinco versiones traducidas de Italia, Finlandia, Dinamarca, España, y Alemania. En la muestra sueca, las hembras tuvieron puntuaciones màs altas que los varones. Sin embargo, por lo general los datos normativos de la muestra sueca son congruentes con los muestreos de referencia y por lo tanto pueden usarse como una herramienta para la selección inicial de susceptibilidad hipnótica en Suecia.

Etzel Cardeña University of Texas, Pan American, Edinburg, Texas, USA